ENDOSCOPYWhat is ENDOSCOPY?An endoscopy is a medical procedure in which your GI surgeon or Gastroenterologist uses specialized instruments to view and operate on the internal organs and vessels of your body.Images of the inside of your body are relayed to a television screen.It allows surgeons to see problems within your body without making large incisions.A surgeon inserts an endoscope through a small cut or an opening in the body such as the mouth. An endoscope is a flexible tube with an attached camera that allows your doctor to see. Your doctor can use forceps and scissors on the endoscope to operate or remove tissue for biopsy.Why do need an endoscopy?Endoscopy procedure will help your doctor determine the cause of any abnormal symptoms you’re having remove a small sample of tissue, which can then be sent to a lab for further testing; this is called an endoscopic biopsy help your doctor see inside the body during a surgical procedure, such as repairing a stomach ulcer, or removing gallstones or tumors.Endoscopy is typically used for:Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia)Persistent abdominal painInflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and Crohn’s diseaseBlockage of the esophagusGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)Unexplained weight lossTumorsTypes of EndoscopyColonoscopyEnteroscopylaparoscopySigmoidoscopyEsophagogastroduodenoscopyEndoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Digestive System DieseasesWhat is Digestive Systme dieseases?Digestive System refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, small intestine, large intestine and rectum, and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, Stomach and pancreas.Types of Digestive system dieseases:A) Esophagus-The musculsr tube that carries food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach changes to tissue that resembles the lining of the intestine. The most common problem with the esophagus is GERD.Some of the esophagus dieseases are:- Achalasia Cardia- Esophageal stricture- Esophageal motility disorder- GERD(Gastroesophageal reflux diesease)- Esophageal varicesB) Stomach-The stomach is a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen. The stomach receives food from the esophagus. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters the stomach through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter.Some of the Stomach dieseases are:- Ulcer disease : Perforation and Bleeding- Gastric outlet obstruction- Gastric volvulusC) Small intestines-Small intestine, a long, narrow, folded or coiled tube extending from the stomach to the large intestine; it is the region where most digestion and absorption of food takes place. It is about 6.7 to 7.6 metres (22 to 25 feet) long, highly convoluted, and contained in the central and lower abdominal cavity.Some of the Small intestine dieseases are:- Small bowel obstruction- Small bowel perforation- Tuberculosis of abdomen- Meckels diverticulum- Malroation of gut- Superior mesentric artery syndromeD) Colon-The colon is also called the large intestine. The ileum (last part of the small intestine) connects to the cecum (first part of the colon) in the lower right abdomen. Your large intestine is broken down into six sections including the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and the rectum. The colon begins at the end of the small intestine, where it is called the cecum, and ends at the rectum. Cancers of the large intestine are casually referred to as colon,rectal or colorectal cancer.Some of the Colon dieseases are:- Ulcerative colitis- Diverticulitis of colon- Sigmoid volvulus- Polyps of colon- lower GI bleeding- IBSE) Spleen-The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter.Treatments for Spleen dieseases are:- laparoscopic splenectomyF) Pancreas-The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdomen behind the stomach.As an endocrine gland, it functions mostly to regulate blood sugar levels, secreting the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.Some of the Pancreas dieseases are:- Acute pancreatitis- chronic pancreatitis- Pseudosyst of pancreasG) Hepatobiliary disease-Hepatobiliary disease includes a heterogeneous group of diseases of the liver and biliary system caused by viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, neoplasia, toxic chemicals, alcohol consumption, poor nutrition, metabolic disorders, and cardiac failure.Some of the Hepatobiliary disease are:- liver hydratid cyst- liver abscess- Portal hypertension- Biliary stricture- Choledochal cyst- CBD stoneH) Vascular complications of GI tract -Vascular lesions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract include arterio-venous malformations as angiodysplasia and Dieulafoy's lesion, venous ectasias (multiple phlebectasias and haemorroids), teleangiectasias which can be associated with hereditary hemorrhagic teleangiectasia (HHT), Turner's syndrome and systemic sclerosis, haemangioma's, angiosarcoma's and disorders of connective tissue affecting blood vessels as pseudoxanthoma elasticum and Ehlers-Danlos's disease.Some of the Vascular complications of GI tract are:- Mesentric ischaemia- Pseudoaneurysm bleeding

LAPAROSCOPY APPENDIXWhat is Appendix?The appendix is a long narrow tube about few inches in length that attaches to the first part of the colon which is also known as cecum.It is usually located in the lower quadrant of the abdominal cavity. Its functions, however, is not identified yet. It is still considered a vestigial organ.What is Appendicitis?Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, it usually causes pain in your lower right abdomen. However, in most of the people, pain begins around the navel and then moves. As inflammation starts, appendicitis pain typically increases and eventually becomes severe.Standard treatment is surgical removal of the appendix called Appendectomy.Why do we need Appendectomy?Appendectomy means removal of appendix. It is done for:- Acute & recurrent appendicitis- Carcinoid tumour of the appendix- Mucocele of the appendix- As interval appendectomy after drainage of appendicular abscess or after appendicular massWhat is Laparoscopic Appendectomy?Appendicitis is one of the most common surgical problems. One out of every 2,000 people has an appendectomy sometime during their lifetime. Treatment requires an operation to remove the infected appendix. In laparoscopic procedure for removal of the appendix, appendectomies, surgeons operate through 3 small incisions which are arpond 5mm in size, while watching an enlarged image on a high definition monitor.Advantages of Laparoscopic Appendectomy?Less post-operative pain related to size of incision- smaller incisionsLess Handling of intestines which results in little or no disturbance of normal functionNo scarsNo drains and pipesMay result in a quicker return to bowel functionBetter cosmetic results